Category: Conferences

as of last night, late.

When the reviewing deadline passed Wednesday night 15% of reviews were still missing, much higher than I expected. Between late reviews coming in, ACs working overtime through the weekend, and people willing to help in the pinch another ~390 reviews came in, reducing the missing mass to 0.2%. Nailing that last bit and a similar quantity of papers with uniformly low confidence reviews is what remains to be done in terms of basic reviews. We are trying to make all of those happen this week so authors have some chance to respond.

I was surprised by the quantity of late reviews, and I think that’s an area where ICML needs to improve in future years. Good reviews are not done in a rush—they are done by setting aside time (like an afternoon), and carefully reading the paper while thinking about implications. Many reviewers do this well but a significant minority aren’t good at scheduling their personal time. In this situation there are several ways to fail:

1. Give early warning and bail.
2. Give no warning and finish not-too-late.
3. Give no warning and don’t finish.

The worst failure mode by far is the last one for Program Chairs and Area Chairs, because they must catch and fix all the failures at the last minute. I expect the second failure mode also impacts the quality of reviews because high speed reviewing of a deep paper often doesn’t work. This issue is one of community norms which can only be adjusted slowly. To do this, we’re going to pass a flake list for failure mode 3 to future program chairs who will hopefully further encourage people to schedule time well and review carefully.

If my experience is any guide, plenty of authors will feel disappointed by the reviews. Part of this is simply because it’s the first time the authors have had contact with people not biased towards agreeing with them, as almost all friends are. Part of this is the significant hurdle of communicating technical new things well. Part may be too-hasty reviews, as discussed above. And part of it may be that the authors simply are far more expert in their subject than reviewers.

In author responses, my personal tendency is to be blunter than most people when reviewers make errors. Perhaps “kind but clear” is a good viewpoint. You should be sympathetic to reviewers who have voluntarily put significant time into reviewing your paper, but you should also use the channel to communicate real information. Remotivating your paper almost never works, so concentrate on getting across errors in understanding by reviewers or answer their direct questions.

We did not include reviewer scores in author feedback, although we do plan to include them when the decision is made. Scores should not be regarded as final by any party, since author feedback and discussion can significantly alter a reviewer’s understanding of the paper. Encouraging reviewers to incorporate this additional information well before settling on a final score is one of my goals.

We did allow resubmission of the paper with the author response, similar to what Geoff Gordon did as program chair for AIStat. This solves two problems: It helps authors create a more polished draft, and it avoids forcing an overly constrained channel in the communication. If an equation has a bug, you can write it out bug free in mathematical notation rather than trying to describe by reference how to alter the equation in author response.

Please comment if you have further thoughts.

The ICML paper deadline has passed. Joelle and I were surprised to see the number of submissions jump from last year by about 50% to around 900 submissions. A tiny portion of these are immediate rejects(*), so this is a much larger set of papers than expected. The number of workshop submissions also doubled compared to last year, so ICML may grow significantly this year, if we can manage to handle the load well. The prospect of making 900 good decisions is fundamentally daunting, and success will rely heavily on the program committee and area chairs at this point.

For those who want to rubberneck a bit more, here’s a breakdown of submissions by primary topic of submitted papers:

66 Reinforcement Learning
52 Supervised Learning
51 Clustering
46 Kernel Methods
40 Optimization Algorithms
39 Feature Selection and Dimensionality Reduction
33 Learning Theory
33 Graphical Models
33 Applications
29 Probabilistic Models
29 NN & Deep Learning
26 Transfer and Multi-Task Learning
25 Online Learning
25 Active Learning
22 Semi-Supervised Learning
20 Statistical Methods
20 Sparsity and Compressed Sensing
19 Ensemble Methods
18 Structured Output Prediction
18 Recommendation and Matrix Factorization
18 Latent-Variable Models and Topic Models
17 Graph-Based Learning Methods
16 Nonparametric Bayesian Inference
15 Unsupervised Learning and Outlier Detection
12 Gaussian Processes
11 Ranking and Preference Learning
11 Large-Scale Learning
9 Vision
9 Social Network Analysis
9 Multi-agent & Cooperative Learning
9 Manifold Learning
8 Time-Series Analysis
8 Large-Margin Methods
8 Cost Sensitive Learning
7 Recommender Systems
7 Privacy, Anonymity, and Security
7 Neural Networks
7 Empirical Insights into ML
7 Bioinformatics
6 Information Retrieval
6 Evaluation Methodology
<5 each Text Mining, Rule and Decision Tree Learning, Graph Mining, 
    Planning & Control, Monte Carlo Methods, Inductive Logic Programming & Relational Learning, 
    Causal Inference, Statistical and Relational Learning, NLP, Hidden Markov Models, 
    Game Theory, Robotics, POMDPs, Geometric Approaches, Game Playing, Data Streams, 
    Pattern Mining & Inductive Querying, Meta-Learning, Evolutionary Computation

(*) Deadlines are magical, because they galvanize groups of people to concentrated action. But, they have to be real deadlines to achieve this, which leads us to reject late submissions & format failures to keep the deadline real for future ICMLs. This is uncomfortably rough at times.

Normally, I don’t indulge in posters for ICML, but this year is naturally an exception for me. If you want one, there are a small number left here, if you sign up before February.

It also seems worthwhile to give some sense of the scope and reviewing criteria for ICML for authors considering submitting papers. At ICML, the (very large) program committee does the reviewing which informs final decisions by area chairs on most papers. Program chairs setup the process, deal with exceptions or disagreements, and provide advice for the reviewing process. Providing advice is tricky (and easily misleading) because a conference is a community, and in the end the aggregate interests of the community determine the conference. Nevertheless, as a program chair this year it seems worthwhile to state the overall philosophy I have and what I plan to encourage (and occasionally discourage).

At the highest level, I believe ICML exists to further research into machine learning, which I generally think of as turning observations into useful predictions. Research is greatly varied in general, but in all cases it involves answering an interesting question for which the answer was not previously known. Interesting questions are generally natural: they can be stated easily and other people plausibly encounter them. Interesting questions are generally also ones for which there are multiple plausible wrong answers. The definition of “interesting” is otherwise hard to pin down, because it is does and must change over time.

ICML is a broad conference which incorporates the interests of many different groups of people with different tastes in the research they prefer. It’s broad enough that most people don’t appreciate all the papers. That’s ok as long as there is some higher level appreciation for which directions of research benefit the community. Some common flavors are:

1. ML for X In general, Machine Learning is a core field of study with many applications. Often, it’s a good idea to publish within a conference focused on that area, but particularly when no such conference exists, ICML is a solid choice for a place to publish. One example of this kind of thing is Machine Learning for Sustainability, where the CCC will be giving a few travel grants. Here the core question is typically “How?” Exhibiting new things that you can do with ML provides good reference points for what is possible, provides a sense of what works, and compelling new ideas about what to work on can be valuable to the community.

   There are several ways that papers of this sort can bounce. Perhaps X is insufficiently interesting, the results are unconvincing, or the method of solution is considered too straight-forward. I consider the first and second criteria sound, but am inclined toward leniency on the third, since there is often quite a bit of work in figuring out how to frame the problem so that the solution happens to be easy.

2. New Algorithms Often, authors find that existing learning algorithms for solving some problem are lacking in some way, so they propose new better algorithms. This is plausibly the most common category of paper at ICML, so there is quite a bit of variety. The most straight-forward version proposes a new algorithm for a well-studied problem. For these papers it’s important to have an empirical comparison to existing baselines.

   It’s easy for an empirical comparison to go wrong. Some authors use synthetic datasets which do not seem significant to me, because good results on such datasets may not transfer to real-world problems well as the real world tends to be quite a bit more complex than the synthetic processes which are natural to program. Instead, it’s important to show good results on real datasets. One problem with relying on real datasets is dataset selection—choosing the dataset for which your algorithm seems to perform best. You can avoid this by choosing datasets in some clearly unbiased manner and by evaluating on many standard datasets. Another way to fail is with a poor choice of baseline. This is tricky, because three reviewers might consider three different baselines the most natural one. Asking around a bit when developing the paper might help here, but in the end this can be a tough judgement call: Is the paper convincing enough that people interested in solving the problem should use this algorithm?

   Another class of new algorithms papers is new algorithms for new areas of machine learning, blending into the previous category. Here, there typically are relatively few (perhaps just one) dataset available and there may be no (or only implausibly bad) baselines. For papers like this, one way I’ve seen difficulties is when authors are very invested in a particular approach to solving the problem. If you have defined the problem too narrowly, broadening the definition of the problem can help you see appropriate baselines. Another difficulty I’ve observed is reviewers used to the well-studied problems reject an interesting paper because (essentially) they assume that the authors left out a good baseline which does not exist. To prevent the first, authors who ask around might get some valuable early feedback. For the second, it’s a difficulty we are aware of and will consider asking reviewers to judge on the merits of ML for X.

3. Algorithmic studies A relatively rare but potentially valuable form of paper is an algorithmic study. Here, the authors do not propose a new algorithm, but instead do a comprehensive empirical comparison of different algorithms. The standards here are quite high—the empirical comparison needs to be first-class to convince people, so the empirical comparison comments under new algorithms apply strongly.
4. New Theory Good theory can enlighten us about what is (or might be) possible. It can also help us build robust learning algorithms, where we design learning algorithms so that they provably solve some large class of problems. I am personally most interested in theory that helps us design new learning algorithms, but broadly interested in what is possible. I’m most interested in the question answered, while the means (and language) should only be as complex as necessary so the theory can be understood as widely as possible.

   In many areas of CS theory, double blind reviewing is rare, so theory-oriented people may be unfamiliar with it. An important consequence is that complete proofs must be included either in the paper or supplemental material so that proof checking is fully feasible.

   Another way that I’ve seen theory papers run into trouble is when it is a post-hoc justification for an algorithm. In essence, authors who choose to analyze an existing algorithm are sometimes forced to make many unnatural assumptions for the theory to be correct. There generally isn’t an easy fix if you arrive at this point.

5. n of the above It is common for ICML papers to be multicategory. At the extreme, you might have a new algorithm which solves a new X well, empirically and theoretically. Reviewers can fall into a trap where they are most interested in 1 of the 4 questions answered above, and find 1/4 of the paper devoted to their question relatively weak compared to the paper that devotes all the pages to the same question.

   We are aware of this, and will encourage it to be taken into account.

6. The exception The set of papers I expect to see at ICML is more diverse than the above—there are often exceptions of one sort or another. For these exceptions, it often becomes a judgment call: Does this paper significantly further research into machine learning? Papers with little potential audience probably don’t while fun/interesting/useful things that we didn’t think of do.

Further comments or questions are welcome.